@article{oai:osaka-shoin.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001726,
 author = {カドゥアー, ドナルド and ドナルド, カドゥア},
 journal = {大阪樟蔭女子大学学芸学部論集},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {P(論文), Japanese immigration to Canada commenced during the latter part of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. 1908 marked the beginning of the "family-building" phase for Japanese immigrants in Canada. Married men, who had decided to remain in Canada, were now calling their wives and children over from Japan. But it was the single men who wanted to change their nomadic existence - as well as to relieve the pressure on them to marry - that accounted for the continuous immigration of women across the Pacific. Some men returned to Japan to have marriages arranged (the miai-kekkon). But the favourite and most practical scheme was the "picture bride" plan, which began with an exchange of photographs after relatives of the immigrant had sought out a woman whom they regarded as suitable. If the potential groom was influenced at all by the photograph, he would write to his relatives and instruct them to register their "marriage" in Japan. Furthermore, after an exchange of letters between the now married couple, the woman would then travel to Canada as his bride after the groom had arranged for a passport and travel expenses. In most cases the parties were complete strangers, and the union was based essentially on the couple's suitability to be helpmates in the struggles of a new life in Canada. To marry as a "picture bride" was almost exclusively determined by the limited available options for the Meiji era women. They recognized that remaining single was socially unacceptable in Japanese society, so they chose to be picture brides as their only viable option for marriage, and for a number of valid reasons. It was a choice that would inevitably change the future course of their lives, but one that stabilized the Japanese community in Canada so that a secure future was procurable for all the Japanese immigrants.},
 pages = {9--21},
 title = {Picture Brides in Early Japanese Immigration to Canada},
 volume = {39},
 year = {2002}
}